Key Concepts and Definitions

Global Citizenship

Global Citizenship as a concept is not new but has taken on new meaning as a result of globalization and the understanding that what happens at local and national levels do have an impact globally. "Lynn Davies (2006) suggests global citizenship education has grown out of the practice of global education which had its focus in international awareness through participatory learning and engaging in holistic learning activities (p.6). She argues that adding citizenship into the concept reflects the shift towards a focus on human rights and responsibilities, implying a more active role that moves beyond an awareness of the issues"¹ (Shultz and Jorgenson).

What does it mean to be a global citizen?²

We are living in an increasingly global world. Travel by air, sea and land makes it possible to move across great distances and cross boundaries and borders, as tourists, immigrants, volunteer workers and business travelers. Advances in communication technology enable us to communicate with others around the world, even in remote places.

As citizens around the globe and as part of the whole world, we need to recognize and value the diversity and differences of others. We may also see that there can be differences in economic and environmental resources, political and social systems, human rights, and access to technology that may give advantages to some people and disadvantages to others. We recognize that inequalities exist.

The global citizen becomes aware of the world and their place in it as citizens. A citizen participates in their community, whether it is local or global and takes responsibility for their own actions.

To be a citizen in the global sense means recognizing that we must all be aware of our use of the world's resources and find ways to live on the earth in a sustainable way. When we see others are treated without justice, we know that we are responsible for trying to ensure that people are treated justly and must have equitable opportunities as fellow citizens of this world. We must think critically about what we see, hear and say, and make sure that our actions bring about positive changes.

As a result according to Banks, "Citizenship education needs to be changed in substantial ways to prepare students to function effectively in the 21st century. Citizens in the new century need the knowledge, attitudes, and skills required to function in their ethnic and cultural communities and beyond their cultural borders. It is also important to enable individuals participate in the construction of a national civic culture that is moral and just community and embodies democratic ideals and values, such as those embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Students also need to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to become effective citizens in the global community."³  Back to Top ↑

Anti-Racist Perspective

"Critical anti-racist education highlights the material and experiential realities of minoritized peoples in their dealings with the school system. Anti-racism also means learning about the experience of living with racialized identities, and understanding how students' lived experiences in and out of school, implicate youth engagement and disengagement from school. Anti-racism uncovers the ways in which race, ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, ability, power and difference influence and are influenced by schooling processes. Anti-racism interrogates the processes of teaching, learning, and educational administration as well as the ways in which they combine to produce schooling successes and failures for different bodies. Anti-racism opines that questions of power, equity and social difference are significant for learning outcomes and the provision of opportunities for all youth."⁴  Back to Top ↑

Critical Democratic Perspective

A perspective that combines the democratic and critical traditions. From this perspective democracy is conceived as a way of life rather than simply as a form of government that relies on voting. The way of life proposed is one that is guided by inclusive and robust notions of social justice and equity, and focuses on the needs of all individuals and the involvement of all concerned in the decision making process. Proponents are actively encouraged and apply the skills (e.g. analysis, de-construction, synthesis, comparing) and dispositions associated with critical thinking (e.g. open-mindedness, creativity, sensitivity to different perspectives). But, most of all, a critical democratic perspective intrinsically includes an action component to critical thinking. Hence a critical democratic perspective while encouraging fair and open discussion is not complete or fulfilled without some activism that attempts to go beyond the neo-liberal beliefs of excessive individualism, narrow standardization, and competition.  Back to Top ↑

Deficit mentality

Deficit mentality refers to the failure of educators or their unwillingness to look at the causes of underachievement among students from low socio-economic backgrounds or from racially or ethnically diverse backgrounds. The general tendency of educators in such situations is to identify the student, the family or the community or environment as the cause of underachievement. We know that often student outcomes are affected by the expectation of teachers, and the curriculum used in classrooms. The idea that students from low socio-economic backgrounds or from racially or ethnically diverse backgrounds will perform at a lower level than their counterparts impacts teacher's expectations and attitudes and negatively impacts student accomplishment.  Back to Top ↑

Embedding

To embed global citizenship, social justice and equity in an institution is to make it more visibly available in curriculum and programming, student life and all other aspects of the institution's work. The necessary components for embedding global citizenship and social justice education are relevant policies and programming.  Back to Top ↑

Equity

Equity has been defined in many ways. At the core of each definition is the issue of justice and rules and regulations to ensure freedom from bias or discrimination. In Global Citizenship - From Social Analysis to Social Action, (2008) Chet Singh⁵ defines Equity as:

"A framework that allows us to pursue economic and social justice for minoritized groups in society. It considers current and historical contextual factors in the development of initiatives to eradicate inequities. Equity differs from equality in that treating everyone ‘the same' may in fact impose barriers. Though a policy or practice may be equally applied to all, it may have a discriminatory effect. Equity initiatives and approaches start from an examination of policy, procedures and practices that have the appearance of being fair but unintentionally screen out minoritized and racialized peoples." (p.244)

In the postsecondary sector, one of the major areas of discussion under equity is access to postsecondary education. This is an issue that generates a lot of interest and anxiety especially as the world economies move more and more towards a knowledge based economy. For someone without any form of postsecondary education, how can the postsecondary sector assist them acquire and utilize the skills they need? How do we help as many young people as possible overcome real or perceived barriers in order to participate in postsecondary education? Back to Top ↑

Inclusion

The word inclusion is values oriented based on the assumption that all people have a right to be included in all settings and activities. For true inclusion to occur in an educational setting, educators have to discover and understand where each of their students are academically, socially and culturally in order to facilitate their learning.

Chet describes inclusion as "Equitable participation in a public or community institution of all members of the community, as clients, stakeholders, employees or volunteers (as appropriate)" ~ Chet Singh p.244  Back to Top ↑

Pedagogy

A much misused word since in the popular discourse it is simply used interchangeable with the word ‘teaching'. Etymologically it refers to the person who walked children to school and guided them in their learning. Hence pedagogy is associated with teaching and learning. However there is much more to the complexity of pedagogy. As Roger Simon puts it: "[Pedagogy] refers to the integration in practice of particular curriculum content and design, classroom strategies and techniques, a time and space for the practice of those strategies and techniques, and evaluative purposes and methods. All of these aspects of educational practice come together in the realities of what happens in the classroom. Together they organize a view of how a teacher's work within an institutional context specifies a particular version of what knowledge is of most worth, what it means to know something, and how we might construct representation of ourselves, others, and our physical and social environment. In other words, talk about pedagogy is simultaneously talk about the details of what students and others might do together and the cultural politics such practices support. To propose a pedagogy is to propose a political vision. In this perspective, we cannot talk about teaching practice without talking about politics." "Empowerment as a Pedagogy of Possibility," in P. Shannon (ed.) Becoming Political: Readings and Writings in the Politics of Literacy Education (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1992), p. 140. Back to Top ↑

Post-Colonial / Anti-Colonial

The colonial era which was characterized by the physical control of lands and resources was followed by independence and a period that was characterized by the post-colonial era. In recent years the dialogue has turned more to anti-colonial which is described by Dei⁶ as

.. an approach to theorizing colonial and re-colonial relations and the implications of imperial structures on the processes of knowledge production and the validation, the understanding of indigeneity, and the pursuit of agency, resistance and subjecting politics.... Indeed, colonialism and the re-colonizing projects today manifest themselves in variegated ways (e.g. the different ways knowledges get produced and receive validation within schools, the particular experiences of students that get counted as [in} valid and the identities that receive recognition and response from school authorities" (p.2) Back to Top ↑ 

Social Action

Social action is when individuals interact with society in order to achieve a specific goal. It is a sociological concept that looks at the interaction of people within a society. Back to Top ↑

Tools for Critical Analysis

There are many tools for critical analysis in the area of global citizenship and equity education. One such tool is by Heather Hackman who looks at ways in which educators can encourage the development of students. It comprises of the following steps:

• Focusing on information from multiple, non-dominant perspectives, and seeing those as independently valid and not as an add-on to the dominant, hegemonic one;
• De-centering students' analytical frame and opening their minds to a broader range of experiences;
• Analyzing the effects of power and oppression;
• Inquiring into what alternatives exist with respect to the current, dominant view on an issue" (Hackman p.106)
  
  Back to Top ↑

Footnotes

¹Shultz, L. and Jorgenson, S. Global Citizenship Education in Post-Secondary Institutions: A Review of the Literature

²Centennial College , http://www.centennialcollege.ca/AboutUs/SignatureLearningExperience/global

³Banks J. A. (ed.) Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives , Jossey - Bass 2004

⁴Dei, George (2005). What is Anti-racist Education? in Hare, W. and Portelli J. P. (eds.) Key Questions for Educators. Halifax, Edphil Books.

⁵Chet Singh (2008). Glossary of Terms in Global Citizenship: From Social Analysis to Social Action. Centennial College.

⁶Dei, George J. S. "Introduction" in Anti - Colonialism and Education: The Politics of Resistance Bold Visions in Educational Research Vol. 7 George J. Sefa Dei and Arlo Kempf (eds.) Sense Publishers 2006